|
Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) is an art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It was founded in 1826 as the ''"Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts"'', making it one of the oldest art colleges in the United States. In 2014, MICA was ranked #7 in the nation among fine arts programs by U.S. News and World Report, and its Graphic Design Master of Fine Arts program was ranked #3 among graduate schools for Graphic Design in 2012. MICA is also a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), a consortium of 36 leading art schools in the United States, as well as the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). The school is located in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, along Mount Royal Ave. The main campus is about from downtown Baltimore. MICA hosts pre-college, post-baccalaureate, continuing studies, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts programs, as well as weekend young peoples' studio art classes. ==History== The "Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts" was established in November 1825, by prominent citizens of the city of Baltimore, such as Fielding Lucas, Jr., (founder of Lucas Brothers - office supply company), John H. B. Latrobe, (lawyer, artist, author, civic leader), Hezekiah Niles, (1777-1839), (founder of national newspaper ''"Niles Weekly Register"''), Thomas Kelso and others of whom Mr. Latrobe was a long-surviving influence on the early years of the Institute because of his activities as a noted local writer, lawyer, civic leader and inventor. Other leaders and officers in that first decade were William Stewart-president, George Warner and Fielding Lucas, Jr. – vice presidents, John Mowton – recording secretary, Dr. William Howard – corresponding secretary, and Managers James H. Clarke, D.P. McCoy, Solomon Etting (local Jewish merchant/political leader), Benjamin C. Howard, William Hubbard, Thomas Kelso, John H.B. Latrobe, William Meeter, Hezekiah Niles, William Roney, William F. Small, S.D. Walker, John D. Craig, Jacob Deems, William H. Freeman, Moses Hand, William Krebs, Robert Cary Long, Jr. (famed architect), Peter Leary, James Mosher, Henry Payson (founder of First Unitarian Church), P. K. Stapleton, James Sykes, P. B. Williams. The General Assembly of Maryland incorporated the Institute in 1826 and in the following years during November beginning that year (Tuesday, November 7, 1826), exhibitions of articles of American manufacture were held in the "Concert Hall" on South Charles Street. A course of lectures on subjects connected with the mechanic arts was inaugurated and a library of works on mechanics and the sciences was begun to be collected. After about its first decade of being located at "The Athenaeum" (the first one of two structures to bear that name, a noted landmark for educational, social, cultural, civic and political affairs) at the southwest corner of East Lexington and St. Paul Streets. This was west from along Lexington Street from the facing the second Baltimore City/County Courthouse between North Calvert and St. Paul Streets from 1805-09 (and site in the entire block of the current third city courthouse of 1896–1900—now renamed 1985 for national civil rights leader Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr., (1911-1984). Because of the financial panic and economic dislocation caused by the failure and "run" on several collapsed Baltimore banks including the Bank of Maryland which closed prior to the subsequent "bank riot" of 1835, this first "Athenaeum" was destroyed by fire on February 7, 1835 and the newly-emergent Institute lost all of its property and records and subsequently was almost dissolved. After over a decade when the need for a continuance of the type of educational training and opportunities became more apparent and with the founding of additional private educational institutions during the intervening time span and the beginnings of public education in the city in 1829. In November 1847, Benjamin S. Benson and sixty-nine others (among whom were a large number of the original founders of the former Institute, issued a call for a meeting of those favorable to the formation of a mechanics' institute, which was held and resulted in the organization of the further continuing of the present Institute on January 12, 1848. The first exhibition was held at "Washington Hall" in October 1848, a second and third later at the same place and month in 1849 and 1850, which were remarkably successful. The officers for the reorganized Maryland Institute in 1848 were John A. Rodgers – president, Adam Denmead – first vice president, James Milholland – second vice president, John B. Easter – recording secretary, and Samuel Boyd – treasurer. The Institute was re-incorporated by the state legislature at their December session in 1849 and was endowed by an annual appropriation from the State of Maryland of five hundred dollars. In 1849, the Board of Managers extended the usefulness and broader appeal of its programs to ordinary citizens by opening a School of Design and an additional Night School of Design was extended two years later in the new hall and building, under Prof. William Minifie (lately from the Faculty of the old Central High School of Baltimore, founded 1839—the third oldest public secondary school in America, later renamed The Baltimore City College after 1866, then sited at the old "Assembly Rooms" building at the northeast corner of East Fayette and Holliday Streets) as principal of the reorganized Institute. The City Council of Baltimore, in the summer of 1850, passed an ordinance granting the Institute permission to erect a new building over a reconstructed "Centre Market", of which the cornerstone was laid on March 13, 1851, with John H. B. Latrobe,〔 and son of famed national architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, (1764-1820). Centre Market's continued being known in the city also as "Marsh Market" because of the former Harrison's Marsh from colonial times. The first home of the Institute was located in a building called "The Athenaeum", and was situated at the intersection of St. Paul and East Lexington Streets in downtown Baltimore (across from where Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses would be built in 1900). This first Athenaeum was destroyed by fire caused by a bank riot due to the financial panic following the collapse of several Baltimore banks (including the Bank of Maryland) on February 7, 1835.〔 A "second Athenaeum was rebuilt a few years later, a block north at the northwest corner of East Saratoga Street at St. Paul Street (site which after the 1920s faced the terraced "Preston Gardens"), and was later occupied by 1844 by the new Maryland Historical Society and the Library Company of Baltimore and the Mercantile Library Association. These were early "membership/subscription" paid library societies which pre-dated free public libraries by the 1860s and 70's. After the MdHS moved to the old Enoch Pratt mansion at the southwest corner of West Monument Street and Park Avenue in 1919, the new state agency of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles occupied the historic structure until it was unfortunately razed in the early 1920s to be replaced by the city's first parking garage for "horseless carriages", and later supplanted in the 1940s by a glass and steel Commercial Credit Company skyscraper. Classes resumed 12 years later in 1849 in rented space over the downtown Baltimore branch of the U.S. Post Office Department in the "Merchants Exchange".〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2009 )〕 In 1851, the Institute moved from the Merchants' Exchange building along South Gay Street to its own building, built above the old Centre Market on Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) between East Baltimore Street (to the north) and Water Street (to the south) alongside the western shore of the Jones Falls stream which led to the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River and the Baltimore Harbor. The building covered an entire block and had two stories built on a series of brick arches above the market, with two clock towers at each end. The second floor with the Institute, housed classrooms, offices, shops and studios and one of the largest assembly halls/auditorium in the state. During this period the Maryland Institute added a School of Chemistry, thanks in part to a bequest from international financier and philanthropist George Peabody, (1795–1869), (for which the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library is named) and the B.& O. Railroad President Thomas Swann, and also a School of Music.〔 Night classes for Design are added for men who work during the day but would like training in Architecture and Engineering at night. In 1854, a Day School of Design opened for women—one of the first arts programs for women in the country. In 1860, the Day School for men opened, and in 1870, the Day school became co-ed, offering instruction in the fine arts for both men and women.〔 For 79 years the Institute was housed in the same location above the Centre Market, and its "Great Hall", large enough to accommodate 6,000, attracted many famous speakers and lecturers. It not only hosted events and shows related to the Arts, but being one of the largest halls in Baltimore, it hosted important events to the city and the region as well. In 1852, it hosted both of the National political party conventions to nominate presidential candidates of both U. S. Army Gen. Winfield Scott of the Whig Party) of New Jersey and his opponent Franklin Pierce (Democratic Party) of New Hampshire—(who was later elected 14th President of the United States).〔 During the American Civil War, the Institute served briefly as an armory for the Union and a hospital for soldiers wounded at the Battle of Antietam.〔 On April 18, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln gave his famous speech known as the "Baltimore Address" (or "Liberty Speech") during a "Sanitary Fair" held in the Great Hall to benefit Union soldiers and families by the United States Sanitary Commission (an early charitable organization and cause similar to the later American Red Cross and the USO). On February 7–8, 1904, the "Centre Market" and the Maryland Institute building of 1851 burned down along with 1,500 other buildings in downtown Baltimore during the Great Baltimore Fire.〔 Temporarily, classes are moved to spaces above other covered municipal markets in the city, while construction begins in two locations. Michael Jenkins donated the future site of the "Main Building" on Mount Royal Avenue near the new Bolton Hill neighborhood in the northwest, which opened in 1908. It was to house the School of Art and Design, and the City of Baltimore offered the old site and funding to rebuild the "Centre Market" building location for the Drafting school and "mechanical arts". After the Great Fire, three adjoining separate wholesale market buildings for produce, fish and retail products were constructed by 1907 on the remodeled Market Place between East Baltimore and Pratt Streets, north of the Baltimore Harbor by the rejuvenated "Centre Market Commission" led by ''"Baltimore American"'' newspaper owner/publisher, Gen. Felix Agnus along with Frank A. Furst (a local machine political boss) and Henry Clark, with ex-officio members - Mayor E. Clay Timanus and Comptroller George R. Heffner. These market buildings and their busy business lasted until the early 1980s, with the final removal of the northern market building at East Baltimore Street and Jones Falls for the Shot Tower/Market Place Station for the new "Metro" subway system being constructed, followed by the wholesale fish merchants, relocated to a new distribution center oriented towards using trucks in Jessup, mid-way between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., along the Anne Arundel and Howard Counties lines.〔http://webprod.mica.edu/About_MICA/Facts_and_History/Historical_Timeline/1905-1960_A_Fresh_Start—Rise_of_Mount_Royal_Campus.html〕 Upon opening, the "Main Building" had spaces for pottery, metal working, wood carving, free-hand drafting, and textile design, as well as a library, galleries and exhibition rooms. The galleries and exhibition rooms were important, because at the time of construction, Baltimore still did not have a public art museum (institutions such as the Walters Art Gallery were not founded and opened for regular public viewing until 1909 and acquired by the city in 1934, and the Baltimore Museum of Art, in 1914). In 1923, the Institute's galleries hosted the first known public showing of Henri Matisse's work in the United States, brought over from Europe by sisters Claribel and Etta Cone.〔 In 1928, the new Centre Market building, now known as "The Market Place" building, offers a course in Aeronautics theory and drafting following the great excitement and increase in interest in the industry following Charles Lindbergh's flight over the Atlantic Ocean to Paris. The Institute legally changed its name to the "Maryland Institute, College of Art" in 1959, and the "Market Place Building" was razed to make room for the extension south of the Jones Falls Expressway (Interstate 83).〔 The consolidation of MICA to the Mount Royal campus is furthered by the purchase of the Mount Royal Station, a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) train station, in 1964. In 1968, MICA was forced to close for the first time in its history since its first fire in 1835 due to the Baltimore riot of 1968 that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1972–1975, MICA was graced with the presence of a number of famous artists and critics of the period, including composer John Cage, poet Allen Ginsberg, photographer Walker Evans, master printer Kenneth E. Tyler, painter Elaine de Kooning, and art critic Clement Greenberg.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2009 )〕 In the following years, MICA expanded rapidly along Mount Royal Avenue, adding the "Fox Building" in 1978, the "College Center" (now the "Art Tech Center") in 1986, a renovation of the "Main Building" in 1990, "The Commons" (added 1992), "Bunting Center" (1998), the "Meyerhoff House" (2002), the "Brown Center" (2003), the "Studio Center" (2007), and "The Gateway" (2008). During that time, the College focused on increased interaction with the international art world—offering study abroad programs and residences in numerous countries around the world. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maryland Institute College of Art」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|